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diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/errorParsing.test.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/errorParsing.test.ts
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+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/errorParsing.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { parseAndFormatApiError } from './errorParsing.js';
+import { isProQuotaExceededError } from './quotaErrorDetection.js';
+import { DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL } from '../config/models.js';
+import { UserTierId } from '../code_assist/types.js';
+import { AuthType } from '../core/contentGenerator.js';
+import { StructuredError } from '../core/turn.js';
+
+describe('parseAndFormatApiError', () => {
+  const _enterpriseMessage =
+    'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan with higher limits';
+  const vertexMessage = 'request a quota increase through Vertex';
+  const geminiMessage = 'request a quota increase through AI Studio';
+
+  it('should format a valid API error JSON', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 400 Bad Request. {"error":{"code":400,"message":"API key not valid. Please pass a valid API key.","status":"INVALID_ARGUMENT"}}';
+    const expected =
+      '[API Error: API key not valid. Please pass a valid API key. (Status: INVALID_ARGUMENT)]';
+    expect(parseAndFormatApiError(errorMessage)).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 API error with the default message', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Rate limit exceeded","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain('[API Error: Rate limit exceeded');
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'Possible quota limitations in place or slow response times detected. Switching to the gemini-2.5-flash model',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 API error with the personal message', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Rate limit exceeded","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain('[API Error: Rate limit exceeded');
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'Possible quota limitations in place or slow response times detected. Switching to the gemini-2.5-flash model',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 API error with the vertex message', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Rate limit exceeded","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(errorMessage, AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI);
+    expect(result).toContain('[API Error: Rate limit exceeded');
+    expect(result).toContain(vertexMessage);
+  });
+
+  it('should return the original message if it is not a JSON error', () => {
+    const errorMessage = 'This is a plain old error message';
+    expect(parseAndFormatApiError(errorMessage)).toBe(
+      `[API Error: ${errorMessage}]`,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return the original message for malformed JSON', () => {
+    const errorMessage = '[Stream Error: {"error": "malformed}';
+    expect(parseAndFormatApiError(errorMessage)).toBe(
+      `[API Error: ${errorMessage}]`,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should handle JSON that does not match the ApiError structure', () => {
+    const errorMessage = '[Stream Error: {"not_an_error": "some other json"}]';
+    expect(parseAndFormatApiError(errorMessage)).toBe(
+      `[API Error: ${errorMessage}]`,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should format a nested API error', () => {
+    const nestedErrorMessage = JSON.stringify({
+      error: {
+        code: 429,
+        message:
+          "Gemini 2.5 Pro Preview doesn't have a free quota tier. For more information on this error, head to: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits.",
+        status: 'RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED',
+      },
+    });
+
+    const errorMessage = JSON.stringify({
+      error: {
+        code: 429,
+        message: nestedErrorMessage,
+        status: 'Too Many Requests',
+      },
+    });
+
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(errorMessage, AuthType.USE_GEMINI);
+    expect(result).toContain('Gemini 2.5 Pro Preview');
+    expect(result).toContain(geminiMessage);
+  });
+
+  it('should format a StructuredError', () => {
+    const error: StructuredError = {
+      message: 'A structured error occurred',
+      status: 500,
+    };
+    const expected = '[API Error: A structured error occurred]';
+    expect(parseAndFormatApiError(error)).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 StructuredError with the vertex message', () => {
+    const error: StructuredError = {
+      message: 'Rate limit exceeded',
+      status: 429,
+    };
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(error, AuthType.USE_VERTEX_AI);
+    expect(result).toContain('[API Error: Rate limit exceeded]');
+    expect(result).toContain(vertexMessage);
+  });
+
+  it('should handle an unknown error type', () => {
+    const error = 12345;
+    const expected = '[API Error: An unknown error occurred.]';
+    expect(parseAndFormatApiError(error)).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 API error with Pro quota exceeded message for Google auth (Free tier)', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      "[API Error: Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests'",
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily gemini-2.5-pro quota limit',
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should format a regular 429 API error with standard message for Google auth', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Rate limit exceeded","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain('[API Error: Rate limit exceeded');
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'Possible quota limitations in place or slow response times detected. Switching to the gemini-2.5-flash model',
+    );
+    expect(result).not.toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily gemini-2.5-pro quota limit',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 API error with generic quota exceeded message for Google auth', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'GenerationRequests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      "[API Error: Quota exceeded for quota metric 'GenerationRequests'",
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain('You have reached your daily quota limit');
+    expect(result).not.toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily Gemini 2.5 Pro quota limit',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should prioritize Pro quota message over generic quota message for Google auth', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      "[API Error: Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests'",
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily gemini-2.5-pro quota limit',
+    );
+    expect(result).not.toContain('You have reached your daily quota limit');
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 API error with Pro quota exceeded message for Google auth (Standard tier)', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      UserTierId.STANDARD,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      "[API Error: Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests'",
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily gemini-2.5-pro quota limit',
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'We appreciate you for choosing Gemini Code Assist and the Gemini CLI',
+    );
+    expect(result).not.toContain(
+      'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should format a 429 API error with Pro quota exceeded message for Google auth (Legacy tier)', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      UserTierId.LEGACY,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      "[API Error: Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests'",
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily gemini-2.5-pro quota limit',
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'We appreciate you for choosing Gemini Code Assist and the Gemini CLI',
+    );
+    expect(result).not.toContain(
+      'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should handle different Gemini 2.5 version strings in Pro quota exceeded errors', () => {
+    const errorMessage25 =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'Gemini 2.5 Pro Requests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const errorMessagePreview =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'Gemini 2.5-preview Pro Requests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+
+    const result25 = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage25,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    const resultPreview = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessagePreview,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      undefined,
+      'gemini-2.5-preview-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+
+    expect(result25).toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily gemini-2.5-pro quota limit',
+    );
+    expect(resultPreview).toContain(
+      'You have reached your daily gemini-2.5-preview-pro quota limit',
+    );
+    expect(result25).toContain(
+      'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan',
+    );
+    expect(resultPreview).toContain(
+      'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should not match non-Pro models with similar version strings', () => {
+    // Test that Flash models with similar version strings don't match
+    expect(
+      isProQuotaExceededError(
+        "Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5 Flash Requests' and limit",
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(
+      isProQuotaExceededError(
+        "Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5-preview Flash Requests' and limit",
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+
+    // Test other model types
+    expect(
+      isProQuotaExceededError(
+        "Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5 Ultra Requests' and limit",
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(
+      isProQuotaExceededError(
+        "Quota exceeded for quota metric 'Gemini 2.5 Standard Requests' and limit",
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+
+    // Test generic quota messages
+    expect(
+      isProQuotaExceededError(
+        "Quota exceeded for quota metric 'GenerationRequests' and limit",
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(
+      isProQuotaExceededError(
+        "Quota exceeded for quota metric 'EmbeddingRequests' and limit",
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('should format a generic quota exceeded message for Google auth (Standard tier)', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Quota exceeded for quota metric \'GenerationRequests\' and limit \'RequestsPerDay\' of service \'generativelanguage.googleapis.com\' for consumer \'project_number:123456789\'.","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      UserTierId.STANDARD,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      "[API Error: Quota exceeded for quota metric 'GenerationRequests'",
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain('You have reached your daily quota limit');
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'We appreciate you for choosing Gemini Code Assist and the Gemini CLI',
+    );
+    expect(result).not.toContain(
+      'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should format a regular 429 API error with standard message for Google auth (Standard tier)', () => {
+    const errorMessage =
+      'got status: 429 Too Many Requests. {"error":{"code":429,"message":"Rate limit exceeded","status":"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED"}}';
+    const result = parseAndFormatApiError(
+      errorMessage,
+      AuthType.LOGIN_WITH_GOOGLE,
+      UserTierId.STANDARD,
+      'gemini-2.5-pro',
+      DEFAULT_GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL,
+    );
+    expect(result).toContain('[API Error: Rate limit exceeded');
+    expect(result).toContain(
+      'We appreciate you for choosing Gemini Code Assist and the Gemini CLI',
+    );
+    expect(result).not.toContain(
+      'upgrade to a Gemini Code Assist Standard or Enterprise plan',
+    );
+  });
+});