Refac: Centralize storage file management (#4078)

Co-authored-by: Taylor Mullen <[email protected]>

29 files changed, 663 insertions, 390 deletions

diff --git a/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.test.ts b/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.test.ts
index 4334bd36..a90bde1b 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.test.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
   clearCachedCredentialFile,
   clearOauthClientCache,
 } from './oauth2.js';
-import { getCachedGoogleAccount } from '../utils/user_account.js';
+import { UserAccountManager } from '../utils/userAccountManager.js';
 import { OAuth2Client, Compute } from 'google-auth-library';
 import * as fs from 'fs';
 import * as path from 'path';
@@ -180,7 +180,10 @@ describe('oauth2', () => {
     });
 
     // Verify the getCachedGoogleAccount function works
-    expect(getCachedGoogleAccount()).toBe('[email protected]');
+    const userAccountManager = new UserAccountManager();
+    expect(userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount()).toBe(
+      '[email protected]',
+    );
   });
 
   it('should perform login with user code', async () => {
@@ -533,14 +536,17 @@ describe('oauth2', () => {
         googleAccountPath,
         JSON.stringify(accountData),
       );
+      const userAccountManager = new UserAccountManager();
 
       expect(fs.existsSync(credsPath)).toBe(true);
       expect(fs.existsSync(googleAccountPath)).toBe(true);
-      expect(getCachedGoogleAccount()).toBe('[email protected]');
+      expect(userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount()).toBe(
+        '[email protected]',
+      );
 
       await clearCachedCredentialFile();
       expect(fs.existsSync(credsPath)).toBe(false);
-      expect(getCachedGoogleAccount()).toBeNull();
+      expect(userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount()).toBeNull();
       const updatedAccountData = JSON.parse(
         fs.readFileSync(googleAccountPath, 'utf-8'),
       );
diff --git a/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.ts b/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.ts
index 38238b0b..72840eb1 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/code_assist/oauth2.ts
@@ -17,16 +17,14 @@ import * as net from 'net';
 import open from 'open';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { promises as fs } from 'node:fs';
-import * as os from 'os';
 import { Config } from '../config/config.js';
 import { getErrorMessage } from '../utils/errors.js';
-import {
-  cacheGoogleAccount,
-  getCachedGoogleAccount,
-  clearCachedGoogleAccount,
-} from '../utils/user_account.js';
+import { UserAccountManager } from '../utils/userAccountManager.js';
 import { AuthType } from '../core/contentGenerator.js';
 import readline from 'node:readline';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
+
+const userAccountManager = new UserAccountManager();
 
 //  OAuth Client ID used to initiate OAuth2Client class.
 const OAUTH_CLIENT_ID =
@@ -53,9 +51,6 @@ const SIGN_IN_SUCCESS_URL =
 const SIGN_IN_FAILURE_URL =
   'https://developers.google.com/gemini-code-assist/auth_failure_gemini';
 
-const GEMINI_DIR = '.gemini';
-const CREDENTIAL_FILENAME = 'oauth_creds.json';
-
 /**
  * An Authentication URL for updating the credentials of a Oauth2Client
  * as well as a promise that will resolve when the credentials have
@@ -99,7 +94,7 @@ async function initOauthClient(
   if (await loadCachedCredentials(client)) {
     // Found valid cached credentials.
     // Check if we need to retrieve Google Account ID or Email
-    if (!getCachedGoogleAccount()) {
+    if (!userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount()) {
       try {
         await fetchAndCacheUserInfo(client);
       } catch {
@@ -352,7 +347,7 @@ export function getAvailablePort(): Promise<number> {
 
 async function loadCachedCredentials(client: OAuth2Client): Promise<boolean> {
   const pathsToTry = [
-    getCachedCredentialPath(),
+    Storage.getOAuthCredsPath(),
     process.env['GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS'],
   ].filter((p): p is string => !!p);
 
@@ -380,26 +375,22 @@ async function loadCachedCredentials(client: OAuth2Client): Promise<boolean> {
 }
 
 async function cacheCredentials(credentials: Credentials) {
-  const filePath = getCachedCredentialPath();
+  const filePath = Storage.getOAuthCredsPath();
   await fs.mkdir(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true });
 
   const credString = JSON.stringify(credentials, null, 2);
   await fs.writeFile(filePath, credString, { mode: 0o600 });
 }
 
-function getCachedCredentialPath(): string {
-  return path.join(os.homedir(), GEMINI_DIR, CREDENTIAL_FILENAME);
-}
-
 export function clearOauthClientCache() {
   oauthClientPromises.clear();
 }
 
 export async function clearCachedCredentialFile() {
   try {
-    await fs.rm(getCachedCredentialPath(), { force: true });
+    await fs.rm(Storage.getOAuthCredsPath(), { force: true });
     // Clear the Google Account ID cache when credentials are cleared
-    await clearCachedGoogleAccount();
+    await userAccountManager.clearCachedGoogleAccount();
     // Clear the in-memory OAuth client cache to force re-authentication
     clearOauthClientCache();
   } catch (e) {
@@ -433,9 +424,7 @@ async function fetchAndCacheUserInfo(client: OAuth2Client): Promise<void> {
     }
 
     const userInfo = await response.json();
-    if (userInfo.email) {
-      await cacheGoogleAccount(userInfo.email);
-    }
+    await userAccountManager.cacheGoogleAccount(userInfo.email);
   } catch (error) {
     console.error('Error retrieving user info:', error);
   }
diff --git a/packages/core/src/config/config.ts b/packages/core/src/config/config.ts
index 6a8e6d4b..39e885e2 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/config/config.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/config/config.ts
@@ -22,16 +22,11 @@ import { ShellTool } from '../tools/shell.js';
 import { WriteFileTool } from '../tools/write-file.js';
 import { WebFetchTool } from '../tools/web-fetch.js';
 import { ReadManyFilesTool } from '../tools/read-many-files.js';
-import {
-  MemoryTool,
-  setGeminiMdFilename,
-  GEMINI_CONFIG_DIR as GEMINI_DIR,
-} from '../tools/memoryTool.js';
+import { MemoryTool, setGeminiMdFilename } from '../tools/memoryTool.js';
 import { WebSearchTool } from '../tools/web-search.js';
 import { GeminiClient } from '../core/client.js';
 import { FileDiscoveryService } from '../services/fileDiscoveryService.js';
 import { GitService } from '../services/gitService.js';
-import { getProjectTempDir } from '../utils/paths.js';
 import {
   initializeTelemetry,
   DEFAULT_TELEMETRY_TARGET,
@@ -57,6 +52,7 @@ import { IdeConnectionEvent, IdeConnectionType } from '../telemetry/types.js';
 // Re-export OAuth config type
 export type { MCPOAuthConfig };
 import { WorkspaceContext } from '../utils/workspaceContext.js';
+import { Storage } from './storage.js';
 
 export enum ApprovalMode {
   DEFAULT = 'default',
@@ -272,6 +268,7 @@ export class Config {
   private readonly shouldUseNodePtyShell: boolean;
   private readonly skipNextSpeakerCheck: boolean;
   private initialized: boolean = false;
+  readonly storage: Storage;
 
   constructor(params: ConfigParameters) {
     this.sessionId = params.sessionId;
@@ -340,6 +337,7 @@ export class Config {
     this.trustedFolder = params.trustedFolder;
     this.shouldUseNodePtyShell = params.shouldUseNodePtyShell ?? false;
     this.skipNextSpeakerCheck = params.skipNextSpeakerCheck ?? false;
+    this.storage = new Storage(this.targetDir);
 
     if (params.contextFileName) {
       setGeminiMdFilename(params.contextFileName);
@@ -591,14 +589,6 @@ export class Config {
     return this.geminiClient;
   }
 
-  getGeminiDir(): string {
-    return path.join(this.targetDir, GEMINI_DIR);
-  }
-
-  getProjectTempDir(): string {
-    return getProjectTempDir(this.getProjectRoot());
-  }
-
   getEnableRecursiveFileSearch(): boolean {
     return this.fileFiltering.enableRecursiveFileSearch;
   }
@@ -744,7 +734,7 @@ export class Config {
 
   async getGitService(): Promise<GitService> {
     if (!this.gitService) {
-      this.gitService = new GitService(this.targetDir);
+      this.gitService = new GitService(this.targetDir, this.storage);
       await this.gitService.initialize();
     }
     return this.gitService;
diff --git a/packages/core/src/config/storage.test.ts b/packages/core/src/config/storage.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4dab76f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/config/storage.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import * as os from 'os';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+
+vi.mock('fs', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import('fs')>();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    mkdirSync: vi.fn(),
+  };
+});
+
+import { Storage } from './storage.js';
+
+describe('Storage – getGlobalSettingsPath', () => {
+  it('returns path to ~/.gemini/settings.json', () => {
+    const expected = path.join(os.homedir(), '.gemini', 'settings.json');
+    expect(Storage.getGlobalSettingsPath()).toBe(expected);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('Storage – additional helpers', () => {
+  const projectRoot = '/tmp/project';
+  const storage = new Storage(projectRoot);
+
+  it('getWorkspaceSettingsPath returns project/.gemini/settings.json', () => {
+    const expected = path.join(projectRoot, '.gemini', 'settings.json');
+    expect(storage.getWorkspaceSettingsPath()).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('getUserCommandsDir returns ~/.gemini/commands', () => {
+    const expected = path.join(os.homedir(), '.gemini', 'commands');
+    expect(Storage.getUserCommandsDir()).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('getProjectCommandsDir returns project/.gemini/commands', () => {
+    const expected = path.join(projectRoot, '.gemini', 'commands');
+    expect(storage.getProjectCommandsDir()).toBe(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('getMcpOAuthTokensPath returns ~/.gemini/mcp-oauth-tokens.json', () => {
+    const expected = path.join(
+      os.homedir(),
+      '.gemini',
+      'mcp-oauth-tokens.json',
+    );
+    expect(Storage.getMcpOAuthTokensPath()).toBe(expected);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/core/src/config/storage.ts b/packages/core/src/config/storage.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1459c8c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/config/storage.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import * as os from 'os';
+import * as crypto from 'crypto';
+import * as fs from 'fs';
+
+export const GEMINI_DIR = '.gemini';
+export const GOOGLE_ACCOUNTS_FILENAME = 'google_accounts.json';
+const TMP_DIR_NAME = 'tmp';
+
+export class Storage {
+  private readonly targetDir: string;
+
+  constructor(targetDir: string) {
+    this.targetDir = targetDir;
+  }
+
+  static getGlobalGeminiDir(): string {
+    const homeDir = os.homedir();
+    if (!homeDir) {
+      return path.join(os.tmpdir(), '.gemini');
+    }
+    return path.join(homeDir, GEMINI_DIR);
+  }
+
+  static getMcpOAuthTokensPath(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), 'mcp-oauth-tokens.json');
+  }
+
+  static getGlobalSettingsPath(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), 'settings.json');
+  }
+
+  static getInstallationIdPath(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), 'installation_id');
+  }
+
+  static getGoogleAccountsPath(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), GOOGLE_ACCOUNTS_FILENAME);
+  }
+
+  static getUserCommandsDir(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), 'commands');
+  }
+
+  static getGlobalMemoryFilePath(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), 'memory.md');
+  }
+
+  static getGlobalTempDir(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), TMP_DIR_NAME);
+  }
+
+  getGeminiDir(): string {
+    return path.join(this.targetDir, GEMINI_DIR);
+  }
+
+  getProjectTempDir(): string {
+    const hash = this.getFilePathHash(this.getProjectRoot());
+    const tempDir = Storage.getGlobalTempDir();
+    return path.join(tempDir, hash);
+  }
+
+  ensureProjectTempDirExists(): void {
+    fs.mkdirSync(this.getProjectTempDir(), { recursive: true });
+  }
+
+  static getOAuthCredsPath(): string {
+    return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), 'oauth_creds.json');
+  }
+
+  getProjectRoot(): string {
+    return this.targetDir;
+  }
+
+  private getFilePathHash(filePath: string): string {
+    return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(filePath).digest('hex');
+  }
+
+  getHistoryDir(): string {
+    const hash = this.getFilePathHash(this.getProjectRoot());
+    const historyDir = path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), 'history');
+    return path.join(historyDir, hash);
+  }
+
+  getWorkspaceSettingsPath(): string {
+    return path.join(this.getGeminiDir(), 'settings.json');
+  }
+
+  getProjectCommandsDir(): string {
+    return path.join(this.getGeminiDir(), 'commands');
+  }
+
+  getProjectTempCheckpointsDir(): string {
+    return path.join(this.getProjectTempDir(), 'checkpoints');
+  }
+
+  getExtensionsDir(): string {
+    return path.join(this.getGeminiDir(), 'extensions');
+  }
+
+  getExtensionsConfigPath(): string {
+    return path.join(this.getExtensionsDir(), 'gemini-extension.json');
+  }
+
+  getHistoryFilePath(): string {
+    return path.join(this.getProjectTempDir(), 'shell_history');
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.ts b/packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.ts
index 0556805e..387ae951 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/core/contentGenerator.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import { Config } from '../config/config.js';
 
 import { UserTierId } from '../code_assist/types.js';
 import { LoggingContentGenerator } from './loggingContentGenerator.js';
-import { getInstallationId } from '../utils/user_id.js';
+import { InstallationManager } from '../utils/installationManager.js';
 
 /**
  * Interface abstracting the core functionalities for generating content and counting tokens.
@@ -136,7 +136,8 @@ export async function createContentGenerator(
   ) {
     let headers: Record<string, string> = { ...baseHeaders };
     if (gcConfig?.getUsageStatisticsEnabled()) {
-      const installationId = getInstallationId();
+      const installationManager = new InstallationManager();
+      const installationId = installationManager.getInstallationId();
       headers = {
         ...headers,
         'x-gemini-api-privileged-user-id': `${installationId}`,
diff --git a/packages/core/src/core/logger.test.ts b/packages/core/src/core/logger.test.ts
index 0ad1cea9..41ff38f5 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/core/logger.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/core/logger.test.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
   encodeTagName,
   decodeTagName,
 } from './logger.js';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
 import { promises as fs, existsSync } from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { Content } from '@google/genai';
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
     await cleanupLogAndCheckpointFiles();
     // Ensure the directory exists for the test
     await fs.mkdir(TEST_GEMINI_DIR, { recursive: true });
-    logger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+    logger = new Logger(testSessionId, new Storage(process.cwd()));
     await logger.initialize();
   });
 
@@ -150,7 +151,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
         TEST_LOG_FILE_PATH,
         JSON.stringify(existingLogs, null, 2),
       );
-      const newLogger = new Logger(currentSessionId);
+      const newLogger = new Logger(
+        currentSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       await newLogger.initialize();
       expect(newLogger['messageId']).toBe(2);
       expect(newLogger['logs']).toEqual(existingLogs);
@@ -171,7 +175,7 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
         TEST_LOG_FILE_PATH,
         JSON.stringify(existingLogs, null, 2),
       );
-      const newLogger = new Logger('a-new-session');
+      const newLogger = new Logger('a-new-session', new Storage(process.cwd()));
       await newLogger.initialize();
       expect(newLogger['messageId']).toBe(0);
       newLogger.close();
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
         .spyOn(console, 'debug')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      const newLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const newLogger = new Logger(testSessionId, new Storage(process.cwd()));
       await newLogger.initialize();
 
       expect(consoleDebugSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -224,7 +228,7 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
         .spyOn(console, 'debug')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      const newLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const newLogger = new Logger(testSessionId, new Storage(process.cwd()));
       await newLogger.initialize();
 
       expect(consoleDebugSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -274,7 +278,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
     });
 
     it('should handle logger not initialized', async () => {
-      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(
+        testSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       uninitializedLogger.close(); // Ensure it's treated as uninitialized
       const consoleDebugSpy = vi
         .spyOn(console, 'debug')
@@ -289,10 +296,16 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
 
     it('should simulate concurrent writes from different logger instances to the same file', async () => {
       const concurrentSessionId = 'concurrent-session';
-      const logger1 = new Logger(concurrentSessionId);
+      const logger1 = new Logger(
+        concurrentSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       await logger1.initialize();
 
-      const logger2 = new Logger(concurrentSessionId);
+      const logger2 = new Logger(
+        concurrentSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       await logger2.initialize();
       expect(logger2['sessionId']).toEqual(logger1['sessionId']);
 
@@ -345,14 +358,14 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
 
   describe('getPreviousUserMessages', () => {
     it('should retrieve all user messages from logs, sorted newest first', async () => {
-      const loggerSort = new Logger('session-1');
+      const loggerSort = new Logger('session-1', new Storage(process.cwd()));
       await loggerSort.initialize();
       await loggerSort.logMessage(MessageSenderType.USER, 'S1M0_ts100000');
       vi.advanceTimersByTime(1000);
       await loggerSort.logMessage(MessageSenderType.USER, 'S1M1_ts101000');
       vi.advanceTimersByTime(1000);
       // Switch to a different session to log
-      const loggerSort2 = new Logger('session-2');
+      const loggerSort2 = new Logger('session-2', new Storage(process.cwd()));
       await loggerSort2.initialize();
       await loggerSort2.logMessage(MessageSenderType.USER, 'S2M0_ts102000');
       vi.advanceTimersByTime(1000);
@@ -365,7 +378,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
       loggerSort.close();
       loggerSort2.close();
 
-      const finalLogger = new Logger('final-session');
+      const finalLogger = new Logger(
+        'final-session',
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       await finalLogger.initialize();
 
       const messages = await finalLogger.getPreviousUserMessages();
@@ -385,7 +401,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return empty array if logger not initialized', async () => {
-      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(
+        testSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       uninitializedLogger.close();
       const messages = await uninitializedLogger.getPreviousUserMessages();
       expect(messages).toEqual([]);
@@ -428,7 +447,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
     });
 
     it('should not throw if logger is not initialized', async () => {
-      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(
+        testSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       uninitializedLogger.close();
       const consoleErrorSpy = vi
         .spyOn(console, 'error')
@@ -525,7 +547,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return an empty array if logger is not initialized', async () => {
-      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(
+        testSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       uninitializedLogger.close();
       const consoleErrorSpy = vi
         .spyOn(console, 'error')
@@ -613,7 +638,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
     });
 
     it('should return false if logger is not initialized', async () => {
-      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(
+        testSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       uninitializedLogger.close();
       const consoleErrorSpy = vi
         .spyOn(console, 'error')
@@ -651,7 +679,10 @@ describe('Logger', () => {
     });
 
     it('should throw an error if logger is not initialized', async () => {
-      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(testSessionId);
+      const uninitializedLogger = new Logger(
+        testSessionId,
+        new Storage(process.cwd()),
+      );
       uninitializedLogger.close();
 
       await expect(uninitializedLogger.checkpointExists(tag)).rejects.toThrow(
diff --git a/packages/core/src/core/logger.ts b/packages/core/src/core/logger.ts
index 57b5bdf2..562b14bf 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/core/logger.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/core/logger.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { promises as fs } from 'node:fs';
 import { Content } from '@google/genai';
-import { getProjectTempDir } from '../utils/paths.js';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
 
 const LOG_FILE_NAME = 'logs.json';
 
@@ -67,7 +67,10 @@ export class Logger {
   private initialized = false;
   private logs: LogEntry[] = []; // In-memory cache, ideally reflects the last known state of the file
 
-  constructor(sessionId: string) {
+  constructor(
+    sessionId: string,
+    private readonly storage: Storage,
+  ) {
     this.sessionId = sessionId;
   }
 
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ export class Logger {
       return;
     }
 
-    this.geminiDir = getProjectTempDir(process.cwd());
+    this.geminiDir = this.storage.getProjectTempDir();
     this.logFilePath = path.join(this.geminiDir, LOG_FILE_NAME);
 
     try {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/index.ts b/packages/core/src/index.ts
index e8dbe947..f8cd08a8 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/index.ts
@@ -101,3 +101,4 @@ export { OAuthUtils } from './mcp/oauth-utils.js';
 export * from './telemetry/index.js';
 export { sessionId } from './utils/session.js';
 export * from './utils/browser.js';
+export { Storage } from './config/storage.js';
diff --git a/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.test.ts b/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.test.ts
index 5fe2f3f5..f1dc644e 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.test.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ vi.mock('node:fs', () => ({
     mkdir: vi.fn(),
     unlink: vi.fn(),
   },
+  mkdirSync: vi.fn(),
 }));
 
 vi.mock('node:os', () => ({
diff --git a/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.ts b/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.ts
index 0500b43e..00814ba9 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/mcp/oauth-token-storage.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import { promises as fs } from 'node:fs';
 import * as path from 'node:path';
-import * as os from 'node:os';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
 import { getErrorMessage } from '../utils/errors.js';
 
 /**
@@ -36,17 +36,13 @@ export interface MCPOAuthCredentials {
  * Class for managing MCP OAuth token storage and retrieval.
  */
 export class MCPOAuthTokenStorage {
-  private static readonly TOKEN_FILE = 'mcp-oauth-tokens.json';
-  private static readonly CONFIG_DIR = '.gemini';
-
   /**
    * Get the path to the token storage file.
    *
    * @returns The full path to the token storage file
    */
   private static getTokenFilePath(): string {
-    const homeDir = os.homedir();
-    return path.join(homeDir, this.CONFIG_DIR, this.TOKEN_FILE);
+    return Storage.getMcpOAuthTokensPath();
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.test.ts b/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.test.ts
index b78fdde2..fddd3caf 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.test.ts
@@ -40,9 +40,11 @@ describe('ChatRecordingService', () => {
     mockConfig = {
       getSessionId: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('test-session-id'),
       getProjectRoot: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('/test/project/root'),
-      getProjectTempDir: vi
-        .fn()
-        .mockReturnValue('/test/project/root/.gemini/tmp'),
+      storage: {
+        getProjectTempDir: vi
+          .fn()
+          .mockReturnValue('/test/project/root/.gemini/tmp'),
+      },
       getModel: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('gemini-pro'),
       getDebugMode: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
     } as unknown as Config;
diff --git a/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.ts b/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.ts
index 9286fcdf..bca469de 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/services/chatRecordingService.ts
@@ -136,7 +136,10 @@ export class ChatRecordingService {
         this.cachedLastConvData = null;
       } else {
         // Create new session
-        const chatsDir = path.join(this.config.getProjectTempDir(), 'chats');
+        const chatsDir = path.join(
+          this.config.storage.getProjectTempDir(),
+          'chats',
+        );
         fs.mkdirSync(chatsDir, { recursive: true });
 
         const timestamp = new Date()
@@ -422,7 +425,10 @@ export class ChatRecordingService {
    */
   deleteSession(sessionId: string): void {
     try {
-      const chatsDir = path.join(this.config.getProjectTempDir(), 'chats');
+      const chatsDir = path.join(
+        this.config.storage.getProjectTempDir(),
+        'chats',
+      );
       const sessionPath = path.join(chatsDir, `${sessionId}.json`);
       fs.unlinkSync(sessionPath);
     } catch (error) {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/services/gitService.test.ts b/packages/core/src/services/gitService.test.ts
index 9820ba5f..732b2652 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/services/gitService.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/services/gitService.test.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
 import { GitService } from './gitService.js';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
 import * as path from 'path';
 import * as fs from 'fs/promises';
 import * as os from 'os';
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
   let projectRoot: string;
   let homedir: string;
   let hash: string;
+  let storage: Storage;
 
   beforeEach(async () => {
     testRootDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'git-service-test-'));
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
     hoistedMockCommit.mockResolvedValue({
       commit: 'initial',
     });
+    storage = new Storage(projectRoot);
   });
 
   afterEach(async () => {
@@ -109,13 +112,13 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
 
   describe('constructor', () => {
     it('should successfully create an instance', () => {
-      expect(() => new GitService(projectRoot)).not.toThrow();
+      expect(() => new GitService(projectRoot, storage)).not.toThrow();
     });
   });
 
   describe('verifyGitAvailability', () => {
     it('should resolve true if git --version command succeeds', async () => {
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await expect(service.verifyGitAvailability()).resolves.toBe(true);
     });
 
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
         callback(new Error('git not found'));
         return {} as ChildProcess;
       });
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await expect(service.verifyGitAvailability()).resolves.toBe(false);
     });
   });
@@ -135,14 +138,14 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
         callback(new Error('git not found'));
         return {} as ChildProcess;
       });
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await expect(service.initialize()).rejects.toThrow(
         'Checkpointing is enabled, but Git is not installed. Please install Git or disable checkpointing to continue.',
       );
     });
 
     it('should call setupShadowGitRepository if Git is available', async () => {
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       const setupSpy = vi
         .spyOn(service, 'setupShadowGitRepository')
         .mockResolvedValue(undefined);
@@ -162,14 +165,14 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
     });
 
     it('should create history and repository directories', async () => {
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
       const stats = await fs.stat(repoDir);
       expect(stats.isDirectory()).toBe(true);
     });
 
     it('should create a .gitconfig file with the correct content', async () => {
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
 
       const expectedConfigContent =
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
 
     it('should initialize git repo in historyDir if not already initialized', async () => {
       hoistedMockCheckIsRepo.mockResolvedValue(false);
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
       expect(hoistedMockSimpleGit).toHaveBeenCalledWith(repoDir);
       expect(hoistedMockInit).toHaveBeenCalled();
@@ -188,7 +191,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
 
     it('should not initialize git repo if already initialized', async () => {
       hoistedMockCheckIsRepo.mockResolvedValue(true);
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
       expect(hoistedMockInit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     });
@@ -198,7 +201,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
       const visibleGitIgnorePath = path.join(projectRoot, '.gitignore');
       await fs.writeFile(visibleGitIgnorePath, gitignoreContent);
 
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
 
       const hiddenGitIgnorePath = path.join(repoDir, '.gitignore');
@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
     });
 
     it('should not create a .gitignore in shadow repo if project .gitignore does not exist', async () => {
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
 
       const hiddenGitIgnorePath = path.join(repoDir, '.gitignore');
@@ -221,7 +224,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
       // Create a directory instead of a file to cause a read error
       await fs.mkdir(visibleGitIgnorePath);
 
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       // EISDIR is the expected error code on Unix-like systems
       await expect(service.setupShadowGitRepository()).rejects.toThrow(
         /EISDIR: illegal operation on a directory, read|EBUSY: resource busy or locked, read/,
@@ -230,7 +233,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
 
     it('should make an initial commit if no commits exist in history repo', async () => {
       hoistedMockCheckIsRepo.mockResolvedValue(false);
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
       expect(hoistedMockCommit).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Initial commit', {
         '--allow-empty': null,
@@ -239,7 +242,7 @@ describe('GitService', () => {
 
     it('should not make an initial commit if commits already exist', async () => {
       hoistedMockCheckIsRepo.mockResolvedValue(true);
-      const service = new GitService(projectRoot);
+      const service = new GitService(projectRoot, storage);
       await service.setupShadowGitRepository();
       expect(hoistedMockCommit).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     });
diff --git a/packages/core/src/services/gitService.ts b/packages/core/src/services/gitService.ts
index 8b3fe46f..f93a5dc6 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/services/gitService.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/services/gitService.ts
@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@
 
 import * as fs from 'fs/promises';
 import * as path from 'path';
-import * as os from 'os';
 import { isNodeError } from '../utils/errors.js';
 import { exec } from 'node:child_process';
 import { simpleGit, SimpleGit, CheckRepoActions } from 'simple-git';
-import { getProjectHash, GEMINI_DIR } from '../utils/paths.js';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
 
 export class GitService {
   private projectRoot: string;
+  private storage: Storage;
 
-  constructor(projectRoot: string) {
+  constructor(projectRoot: string, storage: Storage) {
     this.projectRoot = path.resolve(projectRoot);
+    this.storage = storage;
   }
 
   private getHistoryDir(): string {
-    const hash = getProjectHash(this.projectRoot);
-    return path.join(os.homedir(), GEMINI_DIR, 'history', hash);
+    return this.storage.getHistoryDir();
   }
 
   async initialize(): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.test.ts b/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.test.ts
index 2777f196..df855418 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.test.ts
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ import {
   TEST_ONLY,
 } from './clearcut-logger.js';
 import { ConfigParameters } from '../../config/config.js';
-import * as userAccount from '../../utils/user_account.js';
-import * as userId from '../../utils/user_id.js';
 import { EventMetadataKey } from './event-metadata-key.js';
 import { makeFakeConfig } from '../../test-utils/config.js';
 import { http, HttpResponse } from 'msw';
 import { server } from '../../mocks/msw.js';
 import { makeChatCompressionEvent } from '../types.js';
+import { UserAccountManager } from '../../utils/userAccountManager.js';
+import { InstallationManager } from '../../utils/installationManager.js';
 
 interface CustomMatchers<R = unknown> {
   toHaveMetadataValue: ([key, value]: [EventMetadataKey, string]) => R;
@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@ expect.extend({
   },
 });
 
-vi.mock('../../utils/user_account');
-vi.mock('../../utils/user_id');
+vi.mock('../../utils/userAccountManager.js');
+vi.mock('../../utils/installationManager.js');
 
-const mockUserAccount = vi.mocked(userAccount);
-const mockUserId = vi.mocked(userId);
+const mockUserAccount = vi.mocked(UserAccountManager.prototype);
+const mockInstallMgr = vi.mocked(InstallationManager.prototype);
 
 // TODO(richieforeman): Consider moving this to test setup globally.
 beforeAll(() => {
@@ -113,7 +113,6 @@ describe('ClearcutLogger', () => {
     config = {} as Partial<ConfigParameters>,
     lifetimeGoogleAccounts = 1,
     cachedGoogleAccount = '[email protected]',
-    installationId = 'test-installation-id',
   } = {}) {
     server.resetHandlers(
       http.post(CLEARCUT_URL, () => HttpResponse.text(EXAMPLE_RESPONSE)),
@@ -131,7 +130,9 @@ describe('ClearcutLogger', () => {
     mockUserAccount.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts.mockReturnValue(
       lifetimeGoogleAccounts,
     );
-    mockUserId.getInstallationId.mockReturnValue(installationId);
+    mockInstallMgr.getInstallationId = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockReturnValue('test-installation-id');
 
     const logger = ClearcutLogger.getInstance(loggerConfig);
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.ts b/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.ts
index 7369bc1b..5663273d 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/telemetry/clearcut-logger/clearcut-logger.ts
@@ -22,12 +22,9 @@ import {
 } from '../types.js';
 import { EventMetadataKey } from './event-metadata-key.js';
 import { Config } from '../../config/config.js';
+import { InstallationManager } from '../../utils/installationManager.js';
+import { UserAccountManager } from '../../utils/userAccountManager.js';
 import { safeJsonStringify } from '../../utils/safeJsonStringify.js';
-import {
-  getCachedGoogleAccount,
-  getLifetimeGoogleAccounts,
-} from '../../utils/user_account.js';
-import { getInstallationId } from '../../utils/user_id.js';
 import { FixedDeque } from 'mnemonist';
 import { GIT_COMMIT_INFO, CLI_VERSION } from '../../generated/git-commit.js';
 import { DetectedIde, detectIde } from '../../ide/detect-ide.js';
@@ -129,6 +126,8 @@ export class ClearcutLogger {
   private config?: Config;
   private sessionData: EventValue[] = [];
   private promptId: string = '';
+  private readonly installationManager: InstallationManager;
+  private readonly userAccountManager: UserAccountManager;
 
   /**
    * Queue of pending events that need to be flushed to the server.  New events
@@ -152,10 +151,12 @@ export class ClearcutLogger {
    */
   private pendingFlush: boolean = false;
 
-  private constructor(config?: Config) {
+  private constructor(config: Config) {
     this.config = config;
     this.events = new FixedDeque<LogEventEntry[]>(Array, MAX_EVENTS);
     this.promptId = config?.getSessionId() ?? '';
+    this.installationManager = new InstallationManager();
+    this.userAccountManager = new UserAccountManager();
   }
 
   static getInstance(config?: Config): ClearcutLogger | undefined {
@@ -202,12 +203,14 @@ export class ClearcutLogger {
   }
 
   createLogEvent(eventName: EventNames, data: EventValue[] = []): LogEvent {
-    const email = getCachedGoogleAccount();
+    const email = this.userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount();
 
     if (eventName !== EventNames.START_SESSION) {
       data.push(...this.sessionData);
     }
-    data = this.addDefaultFields(data);
+    const totalAccounts = this.userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts();
+
+    data = this.addDefaultFields(data, totalAccounts);
 
     const logEvent: LogEvent = {
       console_type: 'GEMINI_CLI',
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ export class ClearcutLogger {
     if (email) {
       logEvent.client_email = email;
     } else {
-      logEvent.client_install_id = getInstallationId();
+      logEvent.client_install_id = this.installationManager.getInstallationId();
     }
 
     return logEvent;
@@ -679,8 +682,7 @@ export class ClearcutLogger {
    * Adds default fields to data, and returns a new data array.  This fields
    * should exist on all log events.
    */
-  addDefaultFields(data: EventValue[]): EventValue[] {
-    const totalAccounts = getLifetimeGoogleAccounts();
+  addDefaultFields(data: EventValue[], totalAccounts: number): EventValue[] {
     const surface = determineSurface();
 
     const defaultLogMetadata: EventValue[] = [
diff --git a/packages/core/src/tools/ls.test.ts b/packages/core/src/tools/ls.test.ts
index 2fbeb37a..c0b553e1 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/tools/ls.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/tools/ls.test.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ vi.mock('fs', () => ({
   },
   statSync: vi.fn(),
   readdirSync: vi.fn(),
+  mkdirSync: vi.fn(),
 }));
 import { LSTool } from './ls.js';
 import { Config } from '../config/config.js';
diff --git a/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.test.ts b/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.test.ts
index 0e382325..dfcdd300 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.test.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,19 @@ import * as os from 'os';
 import { ToolConfirmationOutcome } from './tools.js';
 
 // Mock dependencies
-vi.mock('fs/promises');
+vi.mock(import('fs/promises'), async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    mkdir: vi.fn(),
+    readFile: vi.fn(),
+  };
+});
+
+vi.mock('fs', () => ({
+  mkdirSync: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
 vi.mock('os');
 
 const MEMORY_SECTION_HEADER = '## Gemini Added Memories';
diff --git a/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.ts b/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.ts
index 74efc25e..77d84216 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/tools/memoryTool.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 import { FunctionDeclaration } from '@google/genai';
 import * as fs from 'fs/promises';
 import * as path from 'path';
-import { homedir } from 'os';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
 import * as Diff from 'diff';
 import { DEFAULT_DIFF_OPTIONS } from './diffOptions.js';
 import { tildeifyPath } from '../utils/paths.js';
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ interface SaveMemoryParams {
 }
 
 function getGlobalMemoryFilePath(): string {
-  return path.join(homedir(), GEMINI_CONFIG_DIR, getCurrentGeminiMdFilename());
+  return path.join(Storage.getGlobalGeminiDir(), getCurrentGeminiMdFilename());
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/editCorrector.test.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/editCorrector.test.ts
index cd588312..a7ef9522 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/editCorrector.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/editCorrector.test.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ let mockSendMessageStream: any;
 
 vi.mock('fs', () => ({
   statSync: vi.fn(),
+  mkdirSync: vi.fn(),
 }));
 
 vi.mock('../core/client.js', () => ({
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/installationManager.test.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/installationManager.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6a35f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/installationManager.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import { vi, describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, Mock } from 'vitest';
+import { InstallationManager } from './installationManager.js';
+import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+import * as os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';
+
+vi.mock('node:fs', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import('node:fs')>();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    readFileSync: vi.fn(actual.readFileSync),
+    existsSync: vi.fn(actual.existsSync),
+  } as typeof actual;
+});
+
+vi.mock('os', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const os = await importOriginal<typeof import('os')>();
+  return {
+    ...os,
+    homedir: vi.fn(),
+  };
+});
+
+vi.mock('crypto', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const crypto = await importOriginal<typeof import('crypto')>();
+  return {
+    ...crypto,
+    randomUUID: vi.fn(),
+  };
+});
+
+describe('InstallationManager', () => {
+  let tempHomeDir: string;
+  let installationManager: InstallationManager;
+  const installationIdFile = () =>
+    path.join(tempHomeDir, '.gemini', 'installation_id');
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    tempHomeDir = fs.mkdtempSync(
+      path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gemini-cli-test-home-'),
+    );
+    (os.homedir as Mock).mockReturnValue(tempHomeDir);
+    installationManager = new InstallationManager();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    fs.rmSync(tempHomeDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  describe('getInstallationId', () => {
+    it('should create and write a new installation ID if one does not exist', () => {
+      const newId = 'new-uuid-123';
+      (randomUUID as Mock).mockReturnValue(newId);
+
+      const installationId = installationManager.getInstallationId();
+
+      expect(installationId).toBe(newId);
+      expect(fs.existsSync(installationIdFile())).toBe(true);
+      expect(fs.readFileSync(installationIdFile(), 'utf-8')).toBe(newId);
+    });
+
+    it('should read an existing installation ID from a file', () => {
+      const existingId = 'existing-uuid-123';
+      fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(installationIdFile()), { recursive: true });
+      fs.writeFileSync(installationIdFile(), existingId);
+
+      const installationId = installationManager.getInstallationId();
+
+      expect(installationId).toBe(existingId);
+    });
+
+    it('should return the same ID on subsequent calls', () => {
+      const firstId = installationManager.getInstallationId();
+      const secondId = installationManager.getInstallationId();
+      expect(secondId).toBe(firstId);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle read errors and return a fallback ID', () => {
+      vi.mocked(fs.existsSync).mockReturnValueOnce(true);
+      const readSpy = vi.mocked(fs.readFileSync);
+      readSpy.mockImplementationOnce(() => {
+        throw new Error('Read error');
+      });
+      const consoleErrorSpy = vi
+        .spyOn(console, 'error')
+        .mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      const id = installationManager.getInstallationId();
+
+      expect(id).toBe('123456789');
+      expect(consoleErrorSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/installationManager.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/installationManager.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9146ddd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/installationManager.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import * as fs from 'fs';
+import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';
+import * as path from 'node:path';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
+
+export class InstallationManager {
+  private getInstallationIdPath(): string {
+    return Storage.getInstallationIdPath();
+  }
+
+  private readInstallationIdFromFile(): string | null {
+    const installationIdFile = this.getInstallationIdPath();
+    if (fs.existsSync(installationIdFile)) {
+      const installationid = fs
+        .readFileSync(installationIdFile, 'utf-8')
+        .trim();
+      return installationid || null;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  private writeInstallationIdToFile(installationId: string) {
+    const installationIdFile = this.getInstallationIdPath();
+    const dir = path.dirname(installationIdFile);
+    fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true });
+    fs.writeFileSync(installationIdFile, installationId, 'utf-8');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the installation ID from a file, creating it if it doesn't exist.
+   * This ID is used for unique user installation tracking.
+   * @returns A UUID string for the user.
+   */
+  getInstallationId(): string {
+    try {
+      let installationId = this.readInstallationIdFromFile();
+
+      if (!installationId) {
+        installationId = randomUUID();
+        this.writeInstallationIdToFile(installationId);
+      }
+
+      return installationId;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(
+        'Error accessing installation ID file, generating ephemeral ID:',
+        error,
+      );
+      return '123456789';
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/paths.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/paths.ts
index e7cf54cc..fe690b39 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/paths.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/paths.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ import * as crypto from 'crypto';
 
 export const GEMINI_DIR = '.gemini';
 export const GOOGLE_ACCOUNTS_FILENAME = 'google_accounts.json';
-const TMP_DIR_NAME = 'tmp';
-const COMMANDS_DIR_NAME = 'commands';
 
 /**
  * Special characters that need to be escaped in file paths for shell compatibility.
@@ -175,33 +173,6 @@ export function getProjectHash(projectRoot: string): string {
 }
 
 /**
- * Generates a unique temporary directory path for a project.
- * @param projectRoot The absolute path to the project's root directory.
- * @returns The path to the project's temporary directory.
- */
-export function getProjectTempDir(projectRoot: string): string {
-  const hash = getProjectHash(projectRoot);
-  return path.join(os.homedir(), GEMINI_DIR, TMP_DIR_NAME, hash);
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the absolute path to the user-level commands directory.
- * @returns The path to the user's commands directory.
- */
-export function getUserCommandsDir(): string {
-  return path.join(os.homedir(), GEMINI_DIR, COMMANDS_DIR_NAME);
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the absolute path to the project-level commands directory.
- * @param projectRoot The absolute path to the project's root directory.
- * @returns The path to the project's commands directory.
- */
-export function getProjectCommandsDir(projectRoot: string): string {
-  return path.join(projectRoot, GEMINI_DIR, COMMANDS_DIR_NAME);
-}
-
-/**
  * Checks if a path is a subpath of another path.
  * @param parentPath The parent path.
  * @param childPath The child path.
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/user_account.test.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/userAccountManager.test.ts
index 35231ca3..1e7e05aa 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/user_account.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/userAccountManager.test.ts
@@ -5,12 +5,7 @@
  */
 
 import { vi, describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, Mock } from 'vitest';
-import {
-  cacheGoogleAccount,
-  getCachedGoogleAccount,
-  clearCachedGoogleAccount,
-  getLifetimeGoogleAccounts,
-} from './user_account.js';
+import { UserAccountManager } from './userAccountManager.js';
 import * as fs from 'node:fs';
 import * as os from 'node:os';
 import path from 'node:path';
@@ -23,16 +18,21 @@ vi.mock('os', async (importOriginal) => {
   };
 });
 
-describe('user_account', () => {
+describe('UserAccountManager', () => {
   let tempHomeDir: string;
-  const accountsFile = () =>
-    path.join(tempHomeDir, '.gemini', 'google_accounts.json');
+  let userAccountManager: UserAccountManager;
+  let accountsFile: () => string;
+
   beforeEach(() => {
     tempHomeDir = fs.mkdtempSync(
       path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gemini-cli-test-home-'),
     );
     (os.homedir as Mock).mockReturnValue(tempHomeDir);
+    accountsFile = () =>
+      path.join(tempHomeDir, '.gemini', 'google_accounts.json');
+    userAccountManager = new UserAccountManager();
   });
+
   afterEach(() => {
     fs.rmSync(tempHomeDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
     vi.clearAllMocks();
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
 
   describe('cacheGoogleAccount', () => {
     it('should create directory and write initial account file', async () => {
-      await cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
+      await userAccountManager.cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
 
       // Verify Google Account ID was cached
       expect(fs.existsSync(accountsFile())).toBe(true);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         ),
       );
 
-      await cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
+      await userAccountManager.cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
 
       expect(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8')).toBe(
         JSON.stringify(
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
           2,
         ),
       );
-      await cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
-      await cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
+      await userAccountManager.cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
+      await userAccountManager.cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
 
       expect(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8')).toBe(
         JSON.stringify(
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         .spyOn(console, 'log')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      await cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
+      await userAccountManager.cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
 
       expect(consoleLogSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8'))).toEqual({
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         .spyOn(console, 'log')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      await cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
+      await userAccountManager.cacheGoogleAccount('[email protected]');
 
       expect(consoleLogSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8'))).toEqual({
@@ -139,19 +139,19 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         accountsFile(),
         JSON.stringify({ active: '[email protected]', old: [] }, null, 2),
       );
-      const account = getCachedGoogleAccount();
+      const account = userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount();
       expect(account).toBe('[email protected]');
     });
 
     it('should return null if file does not exist', () => {
-      const account = getCachedGoogleAccount();
+      const account = userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount();
       expect(account).toBeNull();
     });
 
     it('should return null if file is empty', () => {
       fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(accountsFile()), { recursive: true });
       fs.writeFileSync(accountsFile(), '');
-      const account = getCachedGoogleAccount();
+      const account = userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount();
       expect(account).toBeNull();
     });
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         .spyOn(console, 'log')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      const account = getCachedGoogleAccount();
+      const account = userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount();
 
       expect(account).toBeNull();
       expect(consoleLogSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
     it('should return null if active key is missing', () => {
       fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(accountsFile()), { recursive: true });
       fs.writeFileSync(accountsFile(), JSON.stringify({ old: [] }));
-      const account = getCachedGoogleAccount();
+      const account = userAccountManager.getCachedGoogleAccount();
       expect(account).toBeNull();
     });
   });
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         ),
       );
 
-      await clearCachedGoogleAccount();
+      await userAccountManager.clearCachedGoogleAccount();
 
       const stored = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8'));
       expect(stored.active).toBeNull();
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
     it('should handle empty file gracefully', async () => {
       fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(accountsFile()), { recursive: true });
       fs.writeFileSync(accountsFile(), '');
-      await clearCachedGoogleAccount();
+      await userAccountManager.clearCachedGoogleAccount();
       const stored = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8'));
       expect(stored.active).toBeNull();
       expect(stored.old).toEqual([]);
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         .spyOn(console, 'log')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      await clearCachedGoogleAccount();
+      await userAccountManager.clearCachedGoogleAccount();
 
       expect(consoleLogSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
       const stored = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8'));
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         JSON.stringify({ active: null, old: ['[email protected]'] }, null, 2),
       );
 
-      await clearCachedGoogleAccount();
+      await userAccountManager.clearCachedGoogleAccount();
 
       const stored = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8'));
       expect(stored.active).toBeNull();
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         ),
       );
 
-      await clearCachedGoogleAccount();
+      await userAccountManager.clearCachedGoogleAccount();
 
       const stored = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(accountsFile(), 'utf-8'));
       expect(stored.active).toBeNull();
@@ -257,24 +257,24 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
 
   describe('getLifetimeGoogleAccounts', () => {
     it('should return 0 if the file does not exist', () => {
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
     });
 
     it('should return 0 if the file is empty', () => {
       fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(accountsFile()), { recursive: true });
       fs.writeFileSync(accountsFile(), '');
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
     });
 
     it('should return 0 if the file is corrupted', () => {
       fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(accountsFile()), { recursive: true });
       fs.writeFileSync(accountsFile(), 'invalid json');
-      const consoleLogSpy = vi
+      const consoleDebugSpy = vi
         .spyOn(console, 'log')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
-      expect(consoleLogSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
+      expect(consoleDebugSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
     });
 
     it('should return 1 if there is only an active account', () => {
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         accountsFile(),
         JSON.stringify({ active: '[email protected]', old: [] }),
       );
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(1);
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(1);
     });
 
     it('should correctly count old accounts when active is null', () => {
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
           old: ['[email protected]', '[email protected]'],
         }),
       );
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(2);
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(2);
     });
 
     it('should correctly count both active and old accounts', () => {
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
           old: ['[email protected]', '[email protected]'],
         }),
       );
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(3);
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(3);
     });
 
     it('should handle valid JSON with incorrect schema by returning 0', () => {
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
         .spyOn(console, 'log')
         .mockImplementation(() => {});
 
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(0);
       expect(consoleLogSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
     });
 
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ describe('user_account', () => {
           old: ['[email protected]', '[email protected]'],
         }),
       );
-      expect(getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(2);
+      expect(userAccountManager.getLifetimeGoogleAccounts()).toBe(2);
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/userAccountManager.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/userAccountManager.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28d3cef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/userAccountManager.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { promises as fsp, readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { Storage } from '../config/storage.js';
+
+interface UserAccounts {
+  active: string | null;
+  old: string[];
+}
+
+export class UserAccountManager {
+  private getGoogleAccountsCachePath(): string {
+    return Storage.getGoogleAccountsPath();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses and validates the string content of an accounts file.
+   * @param content The raw string content from the file.
+   * @returns A valid UserAccounts object.
+   */
+  private parseAndValidateAccounts(content: string): UserAccounts {
+    const defaultState = { active: null, old: [] };
+    if (!content.trim()) {
+      return defaultState;
+    }
+
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(content);
+
+    // Inlined validation logic
+    if (typeof parsed !== 'object' || parsed === null) {
+      console.log('Invalid accounts file schema, starting fresh.');
+      return defaultState;
+    }
+    const { active, old } = parsed as Partial<UserAccounts>;
+    const isValid =
+      (active === undefined || active === null || typeof active === 'string') &&
+      (old === undefined ||
+        (Array.isArray(old) && old.every((i) => typeof i === 'string')));
+
+    if (!isValid) {
+      console.log('Invalid accounts file schema, starting fresh.');
+      return defaultState;
+    }
+
+    return {
+      active: parsed.active ?? null,
+      old: parsed.old ?? [],
+    };
+  }
+
+  private readAccountsSync(filePath: string): UserAccounts {
+    const defaultState = { active: null, old: [] };
+    try {
+      const content = readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8');
+      return this.parseAndValidateAccounts(content);
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (
+        error instanceof Error &&
+        'code' in error &&
+        error.code === 'ENOENT'
+      ) {
+        return defaultState;
+      }
+      console.log('Error during sync read of accounts, starting fresh.', error);
+      return defaultState;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async readAccounts(filePath: string): Promise<UserAccounts> {
+    const defaultState = { active: null, old: [] };
+    try {
+      const content = await fsp.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8');
+      return this.parseAndValidateAccounts(content);
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (
+        error instanceof Error &&
+        'code' in error &&
+        error.code === 'ENOENT'
+      ) {
+        return defaultState;
+      }
+      console.log('Could not parse accounts file, starting fresh.', error);
+      return defaultState;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async cacheGoogleAccount(email: string): Promise<void> {
+    const filePath = this.getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
+    await fsp.mkdir(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true });
+
+    const accounts = await this.readAccounts(filePath);
+
+    if (accounts.active && accounts.active !== email) {
+      if (!accounts.old.includes(accounts.active)) {
+        accounts.old.push(accounts.active);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If the new email was in the old list, remove it
+    accounts.old = accounts.old.filter((oldEmail) => oldEmail !== email);
+
+    accounts.active = email;
+    await fsp.writeFile(filePath, JSON.stringify(accounts, null, 2), 'utf-8');
+  }
+
+  getCachedGoogleAccount(): string | null {
+    const filePath = this.getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
+    const accounts = this.readAccountsSync(filePath);
+    return accounts.active;
+  }
+
+  getLifetimeGoogleAccounts(): number {
+    const filePath = this.getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
+    const accounts = this.readAccountsSync(filePath);
+    const allAccounts = new Set(accounts.old);
+    if (accounts.active) {
+      allAccounts.add(accounts.active);
+    }
+    return allAccounts.size;
+  }
+
+  async clearCachedGoogleAccount(): Promise<void> {
+    const filePath = this.getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
+    const accounts = await this.readAccounts(filePath);
+
+    if (accounts.active) {
+      if (!accounts.old.includes(accounts.active)) {
+        accounts.old.push(accounts.active);
+      }
+      accounts.active = null;
+    }
+
+    await fsp.writeFile(filePath, JSON.stringify(accounts, null, 2), 'utf-8');
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/user_account.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/user_account.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 18b7dcf4..00000000
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/user_account.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-
-import path from 'node:path';
-import { promises as fsp, readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import * as os from 'os';
-import { GEMINI_DIR, GOOGLE_ACCOUNTS_FILENAME } from './paths.js';
-
-interface UserAccounts {
-  active: string | null;
-  old: string[];
-}
-
-function getGoogleAccountsCachePath(): string {
-  return path.join(os.homedir(), GEMINI_DIR, GOOGLE_ACCOUNTS_FILENAME);
-}
-
-/**
- * Parses and validates the string content of an accounts file.
- * @param content The raw string content from the file.
- * @returns A valid UserAccounts object.
- */
-function parseAndValidateAccounts(content: string): UserAccounts {
-  const defaultState = { active: null, old: [] };
-  if (!content.trim()) {
-    return defaultState;
-  }
-
-  const parsed = JSON.parse(content);
-
-  // Inlined validation logic
-  if (typeof parsed !== 'object' || parsed === null) {
-    console.log('Invalid accounts file schema, starting fresh.');
-    return defaultState;
-  }
-  const { active, old } = parsed as Partial<UserAccounts>;
-  const isValid =
-    (active === undefined || active === null || typeof active === 'string') &&
-    (old === undefined ||
-      (Array.isArray(old) && old.every((i) => typeof i === 'string')));
-
-  if (!isValid) {
-    console.log('Invalid accounts file schema, starting fresh.');
-    return defaultState;
-  }
-
-  return {
-    active: parsed.active ?? null,
-    old: parsed.old ?? [],
-  };
-}
-
-function readAccountsSync(filePath: string): UserAccounts {
-  const defaultState = { active: null, old: [] };
-  try {
-    const content = readFileSync(filePath, 'utf-8');
-    return parseAndValidateAccounts(content);
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (error instanceof Error && 'code' in error && error.code === 'ENOENT') {
-      return defaultState;
-    }
-    console.log('Error during sync read of accounts, starting fresh.', error);
-    return defaultState;
-  }
-}
-
-async function readAccounts(filePath: string): Promise<UserAccounts> {
-  const defaultState = { active: null, old: [] };
-  try {
-    const content = await fsp.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8');
-    return parseAndValidateAccounts(content);
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (error instanceof Error && 'code' in error && error.code === 'ENOENT') {
-      return defaultState;
-    }
-    console.log('Could not parse accounts file, starting fresh.', error);
-    return defaultState;
-  }
-}
-
-export async function cacheGoogleAccount(email: string): Promise<void> {
-  const filePath = getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
-  await fsp.mkdir(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true });
-
-  const accounts = await readAccounts(filePath);
-
-  if (accounts.active && accounts.active !== email) {
-    if (!accounts.old.includes(accounts.active)) {
-      accounts.old.push(accounts.active);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // If the new email was in the old list, remove it
-  accounts.old = accounts.old.filter((oldEmail) => oldEmail !== email);
-
-  accounts.active = email;
-  await fsp.writeFile(filePath, JSON.stringify(accounts, null, 2), 'utf-8');
-}
-
-export function getCachedGoogleAccount(): string | null {
-  const filePath = getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
-  const accounts = readAccountsSync(filePath);
-  return accounts.active;
-}
-
-export function getLifetimeGoogleAccounts(): number {
-  const filePath = getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
-  const accounts = readAccountsSync(filePath);
-  const allAccounts = new Set(accounts.old);
-  if (accounts.active) {
-    allAccounts.add(accounts.active);
-  }
-  return allAccounts.size;
-}
-
-export async function clearCachedGoogleAccount(): Promise<void> {
-  const filePath = getGoogleAccountsCachePath();
-  const accounts = await readAccounts(filePath);
-
-  if (accounts.active) {
-    if (!accounts.old.includes(accounts.active)) {
-      accounts.old.push(accounts.active);
-    }
-    accounts.active = null;
-  }
-
-  await fsp.writeFile(filePath, JSON.stringify(accounts, null, 2), 'utf-8');
-}
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/user_id.test.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/user_id.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c11d773..00000000
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/user_id.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-
-import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
-import { getInstallationId } from './user_id.js';
-
-describe('user_id', () => {
-  describe('getInstallationId', () => {
-    it('should return a valid UUID format string', () => {
-      const installationId = getInstallationId();
-
-      expect(installationId).toBeDefined();
-      expect(typeof installationId).toBe('string');
-      expect(installationId.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-
-      // Should return the same ID on subsequent calls (consistent)
-      const secondCall = getInstallationId();
-      expect(secondCall).toBe(installationId);
-    });
-  });
-});
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/user_id.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/user_id.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f16806f..00000000
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/user_id.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-
-import * as os from 'os';
-import * as fs from 'fs';
-import * as path from 'path';
-import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';
-import { GEMINI_DIR } from './paths.js';
-
-const homeDir = os.homedir() ?? '';
-const geminiDir = path.join(homeDir, GEMINI_DIR);
-const installationIdFile = path.join(geminiDir, 'installation_id');
-
-function ensureGeminiDirExists() {
-  if (!fs.existsSync(geminiDir)) {
-    fs.mkdirSync(geminiDir, { recursive: true });
-  }
-}
-
-function readInstallationIdFromFile(): string | null {
-  if (fs.existsSync(installationIdFile)) {
-    const installationid = fs.readFileSync(installationIdFile, 'utf-8').trim();
-    return installationid || null;
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-
-function writeInstallationIdToFile(installationId: string) {
-  fs.writeFileSync(installationIdFile, installationId, 'utf-8');
-}
-
-/**
- * Retrieves the installation ID from a file, creating it if it doesn't exist.
- * This ID is used for unique user installation tracking.
- * @returns A UUID string for the user.
- */
-export function getInstallationId(): string {
-  try {
-    ensureGeminiDirExists();
-    let installationId = readInstallationIdFromFile();
-
-    if (!installationId) {
-      installationId = randomUUID();
-      writeInstallationIdToFile(installationId);
-    }
-
-    return installationId;
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(
-      'Error accessing installation ID file, generating ephemeral ID:',
-      error,
-    );
-    return '123456789';
-  }
-}